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DNS Installation
Install a DNS server in Windows Server 2008
As many of you are probably aware, the Domain Name System (DNS) is now the name resolution system of choice in Windows. Without it, computers would have a very tough time communicating with each other.
However, most Windows administrators still rely on the Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) for name resolution on local area networks and some have little or no experience with DNS. If you fall into this category, read on. We'll explain how to install, configure, and troubleshoot a Windows Server 2008 DNS server.
Installation
You can install a DNS server from the Control Panel or when promoting a member server to a domain controller (DC) (Figure A).
During the promotion, if a DNS server is not found, you will have the option of installing it.
Figure A
Domain controller
To install a DNS server from the Control Panel, follow these steps:
• From the Start menu, select | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Server Manager.
• Expand and click Roles (Figure B).
• Choose Add Roles and follow the wizard by selecting the DNS role (Figure C).
• Click Install to install DNS in Windows Server 2008 (Figure D).
Figure B
Expand and click Roles
Figure C
DNS role
Figure D
Install DNS
DNS console and configuration
After installing DNS, you can find the DNS console from Start | All Programs | Administrative Tools | DNS. Windows 2008 provides a wizard to help configure DNS.
When configuring your DNS server, you must be familiar with the following concepts:
• Forward lookup zone
• Reverse lookup zone
• Zone types
A forward lookup zone is simply a way to resolve host names to IP addresses. A reverse lookup zone allows a DNS server to discover the DNS name of the host. Basically, it is the exact opposite of a forward lookup zone. A reverse lookup zone is not required, but it is easy to configure and will allow for your Windows Server 2008 Server to have full DNS functionality.
When selecting a DNS zone type, you have the following options: Active Directory (AD) Integrated, Standard Primary, and Standard Secondary. AD Integrated stores the database information in AD and allows for secure updates to the database file. This option will appear only if AD is configured. If it is configured and you select this option, AD will store and replicate your zone files.
A Standard Primary zone stores the database in a text file. This text file can be shared with other DNS servers that store their information in a text file. Finally, a Standard Secondary zone simply creates a copy of the existing database from another DNS server. This is primarily used for load balancing.
To open the DNS server configuration tool:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Highlight your computer name and choose Action | Configure a DNS Server' to launch the Configure DNS Server Wizard.
3. Click Next and choose to configure the following: forward lookup zone, forward and reverse lookup zone, root hints only (Figure E).
4. Click Next and then click Yes to create a forward lookup zone (Figure F).
5. Select the appropriate radio button to install the desired Zone Type (Figure G).
6. Click Next and type the name of the zone you are creating.
7. Click Next and then click Yes to create a reverse lookup zone.
8. Repeat Step 5.
9. Choose whether you want an IPv4 or IPv6 Reverse Lookup Zone (Figure H).
10. Click Next and enter the information to identify the reverse lookup zone (Figure I).
11. You can choose to create a new file or use an existing DNS file (Figure J).
12. On the Dynamic Update window, specify how DNS accepts secure, nonsecure, or no dynamic updates.
13. If you need to apply a DNS forwarder, you can apply it on the Forwarders window. (Figure K).
14. Click Finish (Figure L).
Figure E
Configure
Figure F
Forward lookup zone
Figure G
Desired zone
Figure H
IPv4 or IPv6
Figure I
Reverse lookup zone
Figure J
Choose new or existing DNS file
Figure K
Forwarders window
Figure L
Finish
Managing DNS records
You have now installed and configured your first DNS server, and you're ready to add records to the zone(s) you created. There are various types of DNS records available. Many of them you will never use. We'll be looking at these commonly used DNS records:
• Start of Authority (SOA)
• Name Servers
• Host (A)
• Pointer (PTR)
• Canonical Name (CNAME) or Alias
• Mail Exchange (MX)
Start of Authority (SOA) record
The Start of Authority (SOA) resource record is always first in any standard zone. The Start of Authority (SOA) tab allows you to make any adjustments necessary. You can change the primary server that holds the SOA record, and you can change the person responsible for managing the SOA. Finally, one of the most important features of Windows 2000 is that you can change your DNS server configuration without deleting your zones and having to re-create the wheel (Figure M).
Figure M
Change configuration
Name Servers
Name Servers specify all name servers for a particular domain. You set up all primary and secondary name servers through this record.
To create a Name Server, follow these steps:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Expand the Forward Lookup Zone.
3. Right-click on the appropriate domain and choose Properties (Figure N).
4. Select the Name Servers tab and click Add.
5. Enter the appropriate FQDN Server name and IP address of the DNS server you want to add.
Figure N
Name Server
Host (A) records
A Host (A) record maps a host name to an IP address. These records help you easily identify another server in a forward lookup zone. Host records improve query performance in multiple-zone environments, and you can also create a Pointer (PTR) record at the same time. A PTR record resolves an IP address to a host name.
To create a Host record:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Expand the Forward Lookup Zone and click on the folder representing your domain.
3. From the Action menu, select New Host.
4. Enter the Name and IP Address of the host you are creating (Figure O).
5. Select the Create Associated Pointer (PTR) Record check box if you want to create the PTR record at the same time. Otherwise, you can create it later.
6. Click the Add Host button.
Figure O
A Host (A) record
Pointer (PTR) records
A Pointer (PTR) record creates the appropriate entry in the reverse lookup zone for reverse queries. As you saw in Figure H, you have the option of creating a PTR record when creating a Host record. If you did not choose to create your PTR record at that time, you can do it at any point.
To create a PTR record:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Choose the reverse lookup zone where you want your PTR record created.
3. From the Action menu, select New Pointer (Figure P).
4. Enter the Host IP Number and Host Name.
5. Click OK.
Figure P
New Pointer
Canonical Name (CNAME) or Alias records
A Canonical Name (CNAME) or Alias record allows a DNS server to have multiple names for a single host. For example, an Alias record can have several records that point to a single server in your environment. This is a common approach if you have both your Web server and your mail server running on the same machine.
To create a DNS Alias:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Expand the Forward Lookup Zone and highlight the folder representing your domain.
3. From the Action menu, select New Alias.
4. Enter your Alias Name (Figure Q).
5. Enter the fully qualified domain name (FQDN).
6. Click OK.
Figure Q
Alias Name
Mail Exchange (MX) records
Mail Exchange records help you identify mail servers within a zone in your DNS database. With this feature, you can prioritize which mail servers will receive the highest priority. Creating MX records will help you keep track of the location of all of your mail servers.
To create a Mail Exchange (MX) record:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Expand the Forward Lookup Zone and highlight the folder representing your domain.
3. From the Action menu, select New Mail Exchanger.
4. Enter the Host Or Domain (Figure R).
5. Enter the Mail Server and Mail Server Priority.
6. Click OK.
Figure R
Host or Domain
Other new records
You can create many other types of records. For a complete description, choose Action | Other New Records from the DNS console (Figure S). Select the record of your choice and view the description.
Figure S
Create records from the DNS console
Troubleshooting DNS servers
When troubleshooting DNS servers, the nslookup utility will become your best friend. This utility is easy to use and very versatile. It's a command-line utility that is included within Windows 2008. With nslookup, you can perform query testing of your DNS servers. This information is useful in troubleshooting name resolution problems and debugging other server-related problems. You can access nslookup (Figure T) right from the DNS console.
Figure T
Nslookup utility
As many of you are probably aware, the Domain Name System (DNS) is now the name resolution system of choice in Windows. Without it, computers would have a very tough time communicating with each other.
However, most Windows administrators still rely on the Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) for name resolution on local area networks and some have little or no experience with DNS. If you fall into this category, read on. We'll explain how to install, configure, and troubleshoot a Windows Server 2008 DNS server.
Installation
You can install a DNS server from the Control Panel or when promoting a member server to a domain controller (DC) (Figure A).
During the promotion, if a DNS server is not found, you will have the option of installing it.
Figure A
Domain controller
To install a DNS server from the Control Panel, follow these steps:
• From the Start menu, select | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Server Manager.
• Expand and click Roles (Figure B).
• Choose Add Roles and follow the wizard by selecting the DNS role (Figure C).
• Click Install to install DNS in Windows Server 2008 (Figure D).
Figure B
Expand and click Roles
Figure C
DNS role
Figure D
Install DNS
DNS console and configuration
After installing DNS, you can find the DNS console from Start | All Programs | Administrative Tools | DNS. Windows 2008 provides a wizard to help configure DNS.
When configuring your DNS server, you must be familiar with the following concepts:
• Forward lookup zone
• Reverse lookup zone
• Zone types
A forward lookup zone is simply a way to resolve host names to IP addresses. A reverse lookup zone allows a DNS server to discover the DNS name of the host. Basically, it is the exact opposite of a forward lookup zone. A reverse lookup zone is not required, but it is easy to configure and will allow for your Windows Server 2008 Server to have full DNS functionality.
When selecting a DNS zone type, you have the following options: Active Directory (AD) Integrated, Standard Primary, and Standard Secondary. AD Integrated stores the database information in AD and allows for secure updates to the database file. This option will appear only if AD is configured. If it is configured and you select this option, AD will store and replicate your zone files.
A Standard Primary zone stores the database in a text file. This text file can be shared with other DNS servers that store their information in a text file. Finally, a Standard Secondary zone simply creates a copy of the existing database from another DNS server. This is primarily used for load balancing.
To open the DNS server configuration tool:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Highlight your computer name and choose Action | Configure a DNS Server' to launch the Configure DNS Server Wizard.
3. Click Next and choose to configure the following: forward lookup zone, forward and reverse lookup zone, root hints only (Figure E).
4. Click Next and then click Yes to create a forward lookup zone (Figure F).
5. Select the appropriate radio button to install the desired Zone Type (Figure G).
6. Click Next and type the name of the zone you are creating.
7. Click Next and then click Yes to create a reverse lookup zone.
8. Repeat Step 5.
9. Choose whether you want an IPv4 or IPv6 Reverse Lookup Zone (Figure H).
10. Click Next and enter the information to identify the reverse lookup zone (Figure I).
11. You can choose to create a new file or use an existing DNS file (Figure J).
12. On the Dynamic Update window, specify how DNS accepts secure, nonsecure, or no dynamic updates.
13. If you need to apply a DNS forwarder, you can apply it on the Forwarders window. (Figure K).
14. Click Finish (Figure L).
Figure E
Configure
Figure F
Forward lookup zone
Figure G
Desired zone
Figure H
IPv4 or IPv6
Figure I
Reverse lookup zone
Figure J
Choose new or existing DNS file
Figure K
Forwarders window
Figure L
Finish
Managing DNS records
You have now installed and configured your first DNS server, and you're ready to add records to the zone(s) you created. There are various types of DNS records available. Many of them you will never use. We'll be looking at these commonly used DNS records:
• Start of Authority (SOA)
• Name Servers
• Host (A)
• Pointer (PTR)
• Canonical Name (CNAME) or Alias
• Mail Exchange (MX)
Start of Authority (SOA) record
The Start of Authority (SOA) resource record is always first in any standard zone. The Start of Authority (SOA) tab allows you to make any adjustments necessary. You can change the primary server that holds the SOA record, and you can change the person responsible for managing the SOA. Finally, one of the most important features of Windows 2000 is that you can change your DNS server configuration without deleting your zones and having to re-create the wheel (Figure M).
Figure M
Change configuration
Name Servers
Name Servers specify all name servers for a particular domain. You set up all primary and secondary name servers through this record.
To create a Name Server, follow these steps:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Expand the Forward Lookup Zone.
3. Right-click on the appropriate domain and choose Properties (Figure N).
4. Select the Name Servers tab and click Add.
5. Enter the appropriate FQDN Server name and IP address of the DNS server you want to add.
Figure N
Name Server
Host (A) records
A Host (A) record maps a host name to an IP address. These records help you easily identify another server in a forward lookup zone. Host records improve query performance in multiple-zone environments, and you can also create a Pointer (PTR) record at the same time. A PTR record resolves an IP address to a host name.
To create a Host record:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Expand the Forward Lookup Zone and click on the folder representing your domain.
3. From the Action menu, select New Host.
4. Enter the Name and IP Address of the host you are creating (Figure O).
5. Select the Create Associated Pointer (PTR) Record check box if you want to create the PTR record at the same time. Otherwise, you can create it later.
6. Click the Add Host button.
Figure O
A Host (A) record
Pointer (PTR) records
A Pointer (PTR) record creates the appropriate entry in the reverse lookup zone for reverse queries. As you saw in Figure H, you have the option of creating a PTR record when creating a Host record. If you did not choose to create your PTR record at that time, you can do it at any point.
To create a PTR record:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Choose the reverse lookup zone where you want your PTR record created.
3. From the Action menu, select New Pointer (Figure P).
4. Enter the Host IP Number and Host Name.
5. Click OK.
Figure P
New Pointer
Canonical Name (CNAME) or Alias records
A Canonical Name (CNAME) or Alias record allows a DNS server to have multiple names for a single host. For example, an Alias record can have several records that point to a single server in your environment. This is a common approach if you have both your Web server and your mail server running on the same machine.
To create a DNS Alias:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Expand the Forward Lookup Zone and highlight the folder representing your domain.
3. From the Action menu, select New Alias.
4. Enter your Alias Name (Figure Q).
5. Enter the fully qualified domain name (FQDN).
6. Click OK.
Figure Q
Alias Name
Mail Exchange (MX) records
Mail Exchange records help you identify mail servers within a zone in your DNS database. With this feature, you can prioritize which mail servers will receive the highest priority. Creating MX records will help you keep track of the location of all of your mail servers.
To create a Mail Exchange (MX) record:
1. Select DNS from the Administrative Tools folder to open the DNS console.
2. Expand the Forward Lookup Zone and highlight the folder representing your domain.
3. From the Action menu, select New Mail Exchanger.
4. Enter the Host Or Domain (Figure R).
5. Enter the Mail Server and Mail Server Priority.
6. Click OK.
Figure R
Host or Domain
Other new records
You can create many other types of records. For a complete description, choose Action | Other New Records from the DNS console (Figure S). Select the record of your choice and view the description.
Figure S
Create records from the DNS console
Troubleshooting DNS servers
When troubleshooting DNS servers, the nslookup utility will become your best friend. This utility is easy to use and very versatile. It's a command-line utility that is included within Windows 2008. With nslookup, you can perform query testing of your DNS servers. This information is useful in troubleshooting name resolution problems and debugging other server-related problems. You can access nslookup (Figure T) right from the DNS console.
Figure T
Nslookup utility
DHCP 2008 Installation
Configure a DHCP server in Windows Server 2008
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an invaluable service when you have a network larger than a handful of computers. It's also a standard component of enterprise networks and sub networks.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008's built-in DHCP server allows Windows machines (and any other TCP/IP-based machines and devices) to obtain their IP addresses and network settings automatically, which can vastly simplify network configuration.
In this document, we'll discuss how to install and configure a DHCP server in Windows Server 2008, and we'll explore some of the advanced features DHCP has to offer.
Create a plan
Before you configure your DHCP server, it is a good idea to have all your ducks in a row. Prepare and have all the necessary information up front before sitting down and configuring your server. For example, you may need to know:
• The scope of IP addresses that your server will manage (e.g., 192.168.1.50 to 192.168.1.200).
• Which machines require static IP addresses (i.e., those machines such as servers and routers that will not use DHCP to receive their IP addresses but will be set manually).
• Which network information you want to send out to DHCP clients when they get their IP addresses (e.g., the addresses for your default gateway, DNS servers, and WINS servers).
It is much easier to configure your DHCP server with this information in hand rather than scrambling for it at implementation time.
Installing DHCP
Installing a DHCP server in Windows 2008 is a snap. They created a very simple wizard that walks you through the entire process. Follow me on this journey.
To install a DHCP server from the Control Panel, follow these steps:
1. From the Start menu, select | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Server Manager.
2. Expand and click Roles (Figure A).
3. Choose Add Roles and follow the wizard by selecting the DHCP role (Figure B).
4. A new DHCP wizard appears to help you configure a DHCP server.
Figure A
Server Manager
Figure B
Add Roles Wizard
In the previous release of Windows, a wizard did not appear to walk you through creating a DHCP server. Windows Server 2008 has really simplified this process by allowing you to configure a DHCP server in roughly seven steps. Of course, you can still manage your DHCP server from the DHCP Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in or delete and create scopes on the fly.
Let's continue on through the wizard. Your network cards and static IP addresses are automatically detected and you can choose how DHCP will service clients on different subnets, as shown in Figure C.
Figure C
Choose your static IP addresses to service DHCP clients
On the next window (Figure D), you can specify the applicable DNS server(s) to be used with DHCP when an address is assigned. Figure E displays where you would enter the applicable WINS servers if you require it on your network.
Figure D
Enter your DNS server IP address
Figure E
Enter your WINS server IP address
About scopes
When you create a scope, you must select the range of IP addresses and you must specify the appropriate scope options to include. These options are what we were referring to above when we mentioned that you can assign other network information to your clients at the time they are given an IP address.
There are two types of scope options: Global and Scope. Global options are propagated to all the scopes that you create on that DHCP server, while Scope options are only for the individual scope that you are working with.
For example, if you have different scopes for several different subnets and each subnet will have a different default gateway but will share the same DNS servers, you would want to set the DNS servers as a Global option while the default gateways would be set separately in each scope as a Scope option.
On the DHCP scope window, you will create your scope. Depending on the size of your network and the amount of users that will be assigned IP addresses, some thought must be given to the parameters of your scope selections. In my example (Figure F), I created a simple scope.
Figure F
Creating your scope
The subnet type dropdown allows you to choose wireless as well (Figure G). It defaults to 24 hours. If you want to activate the scope when the wizard is complete, click the Activate this scope checkbox. If you leave it empty, you must activate the scope in the DHCP Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in.
Figure G
You can add multiple scopes before continuing the wizard
With Windows Server 2008, if you have a router (Figure H) that supports and is configured to take advantage of IPv6, you can enable this functionality on your network.
Figure H
Enable IPv6 stateless mode
Authorizing the DHCP server and activating scopes
In previous versions of Windows Server, you had to install and configure your DHCP server and then authorize it in the DHCP MMC snap-in. Authorizing your DHCP server allows you to prevent hackers from configuring rogue DHCP servers. In Windows Server 2008, you have the ability to either authorize the server in the Wizard or authorize it after the fact in the DHCP MMC-snap-in (Figure I).
Figure I
Authorizing your DHCP server
You are now ready to review (Figure J) and confirm your settings before applying your DHCP settings (Figure K).
Figure J
Reviewing your DHCP configuration before applying
Figure K
DHCP installation in progress
Once you have installed the DCHP server, you can manage it from the DHCP MMC snap-in (Figure O) located in Administrative tools. On this screen you can create additional exclusions and reservations.
Adding reservations
In addition to specifying exclusions, you can add reservations to your DHCP server. By adding a reservation, you ensure that a machine always receives the same IP address from the DHCP server.
1. Right-click on Reservations and choose new reservation.
2. Enter a friendly name for the reservation and the IP address you want to assign to the computer or device.
3. Enter the MAC address of the computer or device. (For Windows machines, you can find the MAC address by running ipconfig/all from the command prompt of the machine.)
4. Enter a description and then choose the following reservation type: DHCP, BOOTP (going across a router), or both, as shown in Figure L. Click Add.
Figure L
Adding a reservation
Adding exclusions
In addition to specifying reservations, you can add exclusions to your DHCP server (Figure M). By adding exclusions, you ensure that machines never receive a DHCP lease for that range of IP addresses. This is very useful to block IP addresses for your servers and routers.
Figure M
Adding an exclusion
In order to add Exclusions, right-click on Address Pools and choose New Exclusion Range as shown in Figure N and Figure O.
Figure N
IP address Exclusion range
Figure O
DCHP MMC snap-in
Troubleshooting DHCP
After configuring DHCP, the easiest way to troubleshoot it is to use Ipconfig from a command prompt. To view all TCP/IP information on a machine just type ipconfig/all. To release a DHCP lease, type ipconfig/release; to renew a lease, type ipconfig/renew.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an invaluable service when you have a network larger than a handful of computers. It's also a standard component of enterprise networks and sub networks.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008's built-in DHCP server allows Windows machines (and any other TCP/IP-based machines and devices) to obtain their IP addresses and network settings automatically, which can vastly simplify network configuration.
In this document, we'll discuss how to install and configure a DHCP server in Windows Server 2008, and we'll explore some of the advanced features DHCP has to offer.
Create a plan
Before you configure your DHCP server, it is a good idea to have all your ducks in a row. Prepare and have all the necessary information up front before sitting down and configuring your server. For example, you may need to know:
• The scope of IP addresses that your server will manage (e.g., 192.168.1.50 to 192.168.1.200).
• Which machines require static IP addresses (i.e., those machines such as servers and routers that will not use DHCP to receive their IP addresses but will be set manually).
• Which network information you want to send out to DHCP clients when they get their IP addresses (e.g., the addresses for your default gateway, DNS servers, and WINS servers).
It is much easier to configure your DHCP server with this information in hand rather than scrambling for it at implementation time.
Installing DHCP
Installing a DHCP server in Windows 2008 is a snap. They created a very simple wizard that walks you through the entire process. Follow me on this journey.
To install a DHCP server from the Control Panel, follow these steps:
1. From the Start menu, select | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Server Manager.
2. Expand and click Roles (Figure A).
3. Choose Add Roles and follow the wizard by selecting the DHCP role (Figure B).
4. A new DHCP wizard appears to help you configure a DHCP server.
Figure A
Server Manager
Figure B
Add Roles Wizard
In the previous release of Windows, a wizard did not appear to walk you through creating a DHCP server. Windows Server 2008 has really simplified this process by allowing you to configure a DHCP server in roughly seven steps. Of course, you can still manage your DHCP server from the DHCP Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in or delete and create scopes on the fly.
Let's continue on through the wizard. Your network cards and static IP addresses are automatically detected and you can choose how DHCP will service clients on different subnets, as shown in Figure C.
Figure C
Choose your static IP addresses to service DHCP clients
On the next window (Figure D), you can specify the applicable DNS server(s) to be used with DHCP when an address is assigned. Figure E displays where you would enter the applicable WINS servers if you require it on your network.
Figure D
Enter your DNS server IP address
Figure E
Enter your WINS server IP address
About scopes
When you create a scope, you must select the range of IP addresses and you must specify the appropriate scope options to include. These options are what we were referring to above when we mentioned that you can assign other network information to your clients at the time they are given an IP address.
There are two types of scope options: Global and Scope. Global options are propagated to all the scopes that you create on that DHCP server, while Scope options are only for the individual scope that you are working with.
For example, if you have different scopes for several different subnets and each subnet will have a different default gateway but will share the same DNS servers, you would want to set the DNS servers as a Global option while the default gateways would be set separately in each scope as a Scope option.
On the DHCP scope window, you will create your scope. Depending on the size of your network and the amount of users that will be assigned IP addresses, some thought must be given to the parameters of your scope selections. In my example (Figure F), I created a simple scope.
Figure F
Creating your scope
The subnet type dropdown allows you to choose wireless as well (Figure G). It defaults to 24 hours. If you want to activate the scope when the wizard is complete, click the Activate this scope checkbox. If you leave it empty, you must activate the scope in the DHCP Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in.
Figure G
You can add multiple scopes before continuing the wizard
With Windows Server 2008, if you have a router (Figure H) that supports and is configured to take advantage of IPv6, you can enable this functionality on your network.
Figure H
Enable IPv6 stateless mode
Authorizing the DHCP server and activating scopes
In previous versions of Windows Server, you had to install and configure your DHCP server and then authorize it in the DHCP MMC snap-in. Authorizing your DHCP server allows you to prevent hackers from configuring rogue DHCP servers. In Windows Server 2008, you have the ability to either authorize the server in the Wizard or authorize it after the fact in the DHCP MMC-snap-in (Figure I).
Figure I
Authorizing your DHCP server
You are now ready to review (Figure J) and confirm your settings before applying your DHCP settings (Figure K).
Figure J
Reviewing your DHCP configuration before applying
Figure K
DHCP installation in progress
Once you have installed the DCHP server, you can manage it from the DHCP MMC snap-in (Figure O) located in Administrative tools. On this screen you can create additional exclusions and reservations.
Adding reservations
In addition to specifying exclusions, you can add reservations to your DHCP server. By adding a reservation, you ensure that a machine always receives the same IP address from the DHCP server.
1. Right-click on Reservations and choose new reservation.
2. Enter a friendly name for the reservation and the IP address you want to assign to the computer or device.
3. Enter the MAC address of the computer or device. (For Windows machines, you can find the MAC address by running ipconfig/all from the command prompt of the machine.)
4. Enter a description and then choose the following reservation type: DHCP, BOOTP (going across a router), or both, as shown in Figure L. Click Add.
Figure L
Adding a reservation
Adding exclusions
In addition to specifying reservations, you can add exclusions to your DHCP server (Figure M). By adding exclusions, you ensure that machines never receive a DHCP lease for that range of IP addresses. This is very useful to block IP addresses for your servers and routers.
Figure M
Adding an exclusion
In order to add Exclusions, right-click on Address Pools and choose New Exclusion Range as shown in Figure N and Figure O.
Figure N
IP address Exclusion range
Figure O
DCHP MMC snap-in
Troubleshooting DHCP
After configuring DHCP, the easiest way to troubleshoot it is to use Ipconfig from a command prompt. To view all TCP/IP information on a machine just type ipconfig/all. To release a DHCP lease, type ipconfig/release; to renew a lease, type ipconfig/renew.
Tuesday, September 14, 2010
Wednesday, September 1, 2010
Thursday, August 19, 2010
Hardware and Networking Questions.
•What is an IP address?
•What is a subnet mask?
•What is ARP?
•What is ARP Cache Poisoning?
•What is the ANDing process?
•What is a default gateway? What happens if I don't have one?
•Can a workstation computer be configured to browse the Internet and yet NOT have a default gateway?
•What is a subnet?
•What is APIPA?
•What is an RFC? Name a few if possible (not necessarily the numbers, just the ideas behind them)
•What is RFC 1918?
•What is CIDR?
•You have the following Network ID: 192.115.103.64/27. What is the IP range for your network?
•You have the following Network ID: 131.112.0.0. You need at least 500 hosts per network. How many networks can you create? What subnet mask will you use?
•You need to view at network traffic. What will you use? Name a few tools
•How do I know the path that a packet takes to the destination?
•What does the ping 192.168.0.1 -l 1000 -n 100 command do?
•What is DHCP? What are the benefits and drawbacks of using it?
•Describe the steps taken by the client and DHCP server in order to obtain an IP address.
•What is the DHCPNACK and when do I get one? Name 2 scenarios.
•What ports are used by DHCP and the DHCP clients?
•Describe the process of installing a DHCP server in an AD infrastructure.
•What is DHCPINFORM?
•Describe the integration between DHCP and DNS.
•What options in DHCP do you regularly use for an MS network?
•What are User Classes and Vendor Classes in DHCP?
•How do I configure a client machine to use a specific User Class?
•What is the BOOTP protocol used for, where might you find it in Windows network infrastructure?
•DNS zones – describe the differences between the 4 types.
•DNS record types – describe the most important ones.
•Describe the process of working with an external domain name
•Describe the importance of DNS to AD.
•Describe a few methods of finding an MX record for a remote domain on the Internet.
•What does "Disable Recursion" in DNS mean?
•What could cause the Forwarders and Root Hints to be grayed out?
•What is a "Single Label domain name" and what sort of issues can it cause?
•What is the "in-addr.arpa" zone used for?
•What are the requirements from DNS to support AD?
•How do you manually create SRV records in DNS?
•Name 3 benefits of using AD-integrated zones.
•What are the benefits of using Windows 2003 DNS when using AD-integrated zones?
•You installed a new AD domain and the new (and first) DC has not registered its SRV records in DNS. Name a few possible causes.
•What are the benefits and scenarios of using Stub zones?
•What are the benefits and scenarios of using Conditional Forwarding?
•What are the differences between Windows Clustering, Network Load Balancing and Round Robin, and scenarios for each use?
•How do I work with the Host name cache on a client computer?
•How do I clear the DNS cache on the DNS server?
•What is the 224.0.1.24 address used for?
•What is WINS and when do we use it?
•Can you have a Microsoft-based network without any WINS server on it? What are the "considerations" regarding not using WINS?
•Describe the differences between WINS push and pull replications.
•What is the difference between tombstoning a WINS record and simply deleting it?
•Name the NetBIOS names you might expect from a Windows 2003 DC that is registered in WINS.
•Describe the role of the routing table on a host and on a router.
•What are routing protocols? Why do we need them? Name a few.
•What are router interfaces? What types can they be?
•In Windows 2003 routing, what are the interface filters?
•What is NAT?
•What is the real difference between NAT and PAT?
•How do you configure NAT on Windows 2003?
•How do you allow inbound traffic for specific hosts on Windows 2003 NAT?
•What is VPN? What types of VPN does Windows 2000 and beyond work with natively?
•What is IAS? In what scenarios do we use it?
•What's the difference between Mixed mode and Native mode in AD when dealing with RRAS?
•What is the "RAS and IAS" group in AD?
•What are Conditions and Profile in RRAS Policies?
•What types or authentication can a Windows 2003 based RRAS work with?
•How does SSL work?
•How does IPSec work?
•How do I deploy IPSec for a large number of computers?
•What types of authentication can IPSec use?
•What is PFS (Perfect Forward Secrecy) in IPSec?
•How do I monitor IPSec?
•Looking at IPSec-encrypted traffic with a sniffer. What packet types do I see?
•What can you do with NETSH?
•How do I look at the open ports on my machine?
•What is Active Directory?
•What is LDAP?
•Can you connect Active Directory to other 3rd-party Directory Services? Name a few options.
•Where is the AD database held? What other folders are related to AD?
•What is the SYSVOL folder?
•Name the AD NCs and replication issues for each NC
•What are application partitions? When do I use them
•How do you create a new application partition
•How do you view replication properties for AD partitions and DCs?
•What is the Global Catalog?
•How do you view all the GCs in the forest?
•Why not make all DCs in a large forest as GCs?
•Trying to look at the Schema, how can I do that?
•What are the Support Tools? Why do I need them?
•What is LDP? What is REPLMON? What is ADSIEDIT? What is NETDOM? What is REPADMIN?
•What are sites? What are they used for?
•What's the difference between a site link's schedule and interval?
•What is the KCC?
•What is the ISTG? Who has that role by default?
•What are the requirements for installing AD on a new server?
•What can you do to promote a server to DC if you're in a remote location with slow WAN link?
•How can you forcibly remove AD from a server, and what do you do later? • Can I get user passwords from the AD database?
•What tool would I use to try to grab security related packets from the wire?
•Name some OU design considerations.
•What is tombstone lifetime attribute?
•What do you do to install a new Windows 2003 DC in a Windows 2000 AD?
•What do you do to install a new Windows 2003 R2 DC in a Windows 2003 AD?
•How would you find all users that have not logged on since last month?
•What are the DS* commands?
•What's the difference between LDIFDE and CSVDE? Usage considerations?
•What are the FSMO roles? Who has them by default? What happens when each one fails?
•What FSMO placement considerations do you know of?
•I want to look at the RID allocation table for a DC. What do I do?
•What's the difference between transferring a FSMO role and seizing one? Which one should you NOT seize? Why?
•How do you configure a "stand-by operation master" for any of the roles?
•How do you backup AD?
•How do you restore AD?
•How do you change the DS Restore admin password?
•Why can't you restore a DC that was backed up 4 months ago?
•What are GPOs?
•What is the order in which GPOs are applied?
•Name a few benefits of using GPMC.
•What are the GPC and the GPT? Where can I find them?
•What are GPO links? What special things can I do to them?
•What can I do to prevent inheritance from above?
•How can I override blocking of inheritance?
•How can you determine what GPO was and was not applied for a user? Name a few ways to do that.
•A user claims he did not receive a GPO, yet his user and computer accounts are in the right OU, and everyone else there gets the GPO. What will you look for?
•Name a few differences in Vista GPOs
•Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts.
•What are administrative templates?
•What's the difference between software publishing and assigning?
•Can I deploy non-MSI software with GPO?
•You want to standardize the desktop environments (wallpaper, My Documents
•Tell me a bit about the capabilities of Exchange Server.
•What are the different Exchange 2003 versions?
•Name some of the main differences between Exchange 5.5 and Exchange 2000/2003?
•What are the major network infrastructure requirements for installing Exchange 2003?
•What is the latest Exchange 2003 Service Pack? Name a few changes in functionality in that SP.
•What are the disk considerations when installing Exchange (RAID types, locations and so on).
•You got a new HP DL380 (2U) server, dual Xeon, 4GB of RAM, 7 SAS disks, 64-bit. What do you do next to install Exchange 2003? (considering you already have AD in place)
•Why shouldn't you install Exchange on the same machine as a DC?
•Why shouldn't you install Outlook on the same machine as an Exchange server?
•Are there any other installation considerations?
•How would you prepare the AD Schema in advance before installing Exchange?
•What type or permissions do you need in order to install the first Exchange server in a forest? In a domain?
•How would you verify that the schema was in fact updated?
•What type of memory optimization changes could you do for Exchange 2003?
•How would you check your Exchange configuration settings to see if they're right?
•What are the Exchange management tools? How and where can you install them?
•What types of permissions are configurable for Exchange?
•How can you grant access for an administrator to access all mailboxes on a specific server?
•What is the Send As permission?
•What other management tools are used to manage and control Exchange 2003? Name the tools you'd use.
•What are Exchange Recipient types? Name 5.
•You created a mailbox for a user, yet the mailbox does not appear in ESM. Why?
•You wanted to change mailbox access permissions for a mailbox, yet you see the SELF permission alone on the permissions list. Why?
•What are Query Based Distribution groups?
•What type of groups would you use when configuring distribution groups in a multiple domain forest?
•Name a few configuration options for Exchange recipients.
•What's the difference between Exchange 2003 Std. and Ent. editions when related to storage options and size?
•Name a few configuration options related to mailbox stores.
•What are System Public Folders? Where would you find them?
•How would you plan and configure Public Folder redundancy?
•How can you immediately stop PF replication?
•How can you prevent PF referral across slow WAN links?
•What types of PF management tools might you use?
•What are the differences between administrative permissions and client permissions in PF?
•How can you configure PF replication from the command prompt in Exchange 2003?
•What are the message hygiene options you can use natively in Exchange 2003?
•What are the configuration options in IMF?
•What are virtual servers? When would you use more than one?
•Name some of the SMTP Virtual Server configuration options.
•What is a Mail Relay? Name a few known mail relay software or hardware options.
•What is a Smart Host? Where would you configure it?
•What are Routing Groups? When would you use them?
•What are the types of Connectors you can use in Exchange?
•What is the cost option in Exchange connectors?
•What is the Link State Table? How would you view it?
•How would you configure mail transfer security between 2 routing groups?
•What is the Routing Group Master? Who holds that role?
•Explain the configuration steps required to allow Exchange 2003 to send and receive email from the Internet (consider a one-site multiple server scenario).
•What is DS2MB?
•What is Forms Based Authentication?
•How would you configure OWA's settings on an Exchange server?
•What is DSACCESS?
•What are Recipient Policies?
•How would you work with multiple recipient policies?
•What is the "issue" with trying to remove email addresses added by recipient policies? How would you fix that?
•What is the RUS?
•When would you need to manually create additional RUS?
•What are Address Lists?
•How would you modify the filter properties of one of the default address lists?
•How can you create multiple GALs and allow the users to only see the one related to them?
•What is a Front End server? In what scenarios would you use one?
•What type of authentication is used on the front end servers?
•When would you use NLB?
•How would you achieve incoming mail redundancy?
•What are the 4 types of Exchange backups?
•What is the Dial-Tone server scenario?
•When would you use offline backup?
•How do you re-install Exchange on a server that has crashed but with AD intact?
•What is the dumpster?
•What are the e00xxxxx.log files?
•What is the e00.chk file?
•What is circular logging? When would you use it?
•What's the difference between online and offline defrag?
•How would you know if it is time to perform an offline defrag of your Exchange stores?
•How would you plan for, and perform the offline defrag?
•What is the eseutil command?
•What is the isinteg command?
•How would you monitor Exchange's services and performance? Name 2 or 3 options.
•Name all the client connection options in Exchange 2003.
•What is Direct Push? What are the requirements to run it?
•How would you remote wipe a PPC?
•What are the issues with connecting Outlook from a remote computer to your mailbox?
•How would you solve those issues? Name 2 or 3 methods
•What is RPC over HTTP? What are the requirements to run it?
•What is Cached Mode in OL2003/2007?
•What are the benefits and "issues" when using cached mode? How would you tackle those issues?
•What is S/MIME? What are the usage scenarios for S/MIME?
•What are the IPSec usage scenarios for Exchange 2003?
•How do you enable SSL on OWA?
•What are the considerations for obtaining a digital certificate for SSL on Exchange?
•Name a few 3rd-party CAs.
•What do you need to consider when using a client-type AV software on an Exchange server?
•What are the different clustering options in Exchange 2003? Which one would you choose and why.
•What is a subnet mask?
•What is ARP?
•What is ARP Cache Poisoning?
•What is the ANDing process?
•What is a default gateway? What happens if I don't have one?
•Can a workstation computer be configured to browse the Internet and yet NOT have a default gateway?
•What is a subnet?
•What is APIPA?
•What is an RFC? Name a few if possible (not necessarily the numbers, just the ideas behind them)
•What is RFC 1918?
•What is CIDR?
•You have the following Network ID: 192.115.103.64/27. What is the IP range for your network?
•You have the following Network ID: 131.112.0.0. You need at least 500 hosts per network. How many networks can you create? What subnet mask will you use?
•You need to view at network traffic. What will you use? Name a few tools
•How do I know the path that a packet takes to the destination?
•What does the ping 192.168.0.1 -l 1000 -n 100 command do?
•What is DHCP? What are the benefits and drawbacks of using it?
•Describe the steps taken by the client and DHCP server in order to obtain an IP address.
•What is the DHCPNACK and when do I get one? Name 2 scenarios.
•What ports are used by DHCP and the DHCP clients?
•Describe the process of installing a DHCP server in an AD infrastructure.
•What is DHCPINFORM?
•Describe the integration between DHCP and DNS.
•What options in DHCP do you regularly use for an MS network?
•What are User Classes and Vendor Classes in DHCP?
•How do I configure a client machine to use a specific User Class?
•What is the BOOTP protocol used for, where might you find it in Windows network infrastructure?
•DNS zones – describe the differences between the 4 types.
•DNS record types – describe the most important ones.
•Describe the process of working with an external domain name
•Describe the importance of DNS to AD.
•Describe a few methods of finding an MX record for a remote domain on the Internet.
•What does "Disable Recursion" in DNS mean?
•What could cause the Forwarders and Root Hints to be grayed out?
•What is a "Single Label domain name" and what sort of issues can it cause?
•What is the "in-addr.arpa" zone used for?
•What are the requirements from DNS to support AD?
•How do you manually create SRV records in DNS?
•Name 3 benefits of using AD-integrated zones.
•What are the benefits of using Windows 2003 DNS when using AD-integrated zones?
•You installed a new AD domain and the new (and first) DC has not registered its SRV records in DNS. Name a few possible causes.
•What are the benefits and scenarios of using Stub zones?
•What are the benefits and scenarios of using Conditional Forwarding?
•What are the differences between Windows Clustering, Network Load Balancing and Round Robin, and scenarios for each use?
•How do I work with the Host name cache on a client computer?
•How do I clear the DNS cache on the DNS server?
•What is the 224.0.1.24 address used for?
•What is WINS and when do we use it?
•Can you have a Microsoft-based network without any WINS server on it? What are the "considerations" regarding not using WINS?
•Describe the differences between WINS push and pull replications.
•What is the difference between tombstoning a WINS record and simply deleting it?
•Name the NetBIOS names you might expect from a Windows 2003 DC that is registered in WINS.
•Describe the role of the routing table on a host and on a router.
•What are routing protocols? Why do we need them? Name a few.
•What are router interfaces? What types can they be?
•In Windows 2003 routing, what are the interface filters?
•What is NAT?
•What is the real difference between NAT and PAT?
•How do you configure NAT on Windows 2003?
•How do you allow inbound traffic for specific hosts on Windows 2003 NAT?
•What is VPN? What types of VPN does Windows 2000 and beyond work with natively?
•What is IAS? In what scenarios do we use it?
•What's the difference between Mixed mode and Native mode in AD when dealing with RRAS?
•What is the "RAS and IAS" group in AD?
•What are Conditions and Profile in RRAS Policies?
•What types or authentication can a Windows 2003 based RRAS work with?
•How does SSL work?
•How does IPSec work?
•How do I deploy IPSec for a large number of computers?
•What types of authentication can IPSec use?
•What is PFS (Perfect Forward Secrecy) in IPSec?
•How do I monitor IPSec?
•Looking at IPSec-encrypted traffic with a sniffer. What packet types do I see?
•What can you do with NETSH?
•How do I look at the open ports on my machine?
•What is Active Directory?
•What is LDAP?
•Can you connect Active Directory to other 3rd-party Directory Services? Name a few options.
•Where is the AD database held? What other folders are related to AD?
•What is the SYSVOL folder?
•Name the AD NCs and replication issues for each NC
•What are application partitions? When do I use them
•How do you create a new application partition
•How do you view replication properties for AD partitions and DCs?
•What is the Global Catalog?
•How do you view all the GCs in the forest?
•Why not make all DCs in a large forest as GCs?
•Trying to look at the Schema, how can I do that?
•What are the Support Tools? Why do I need them?
•What is LDP? What is REPLMON? What is ADSIEDIT? What is NETDOM? What is REPADMIN?
•What are sites? What are they used for?
•What's the difference between a site link's schedule and interval?
•What is the KCC?
•What is the ISTG? Who has that role by default?
•What are the requirements for installing AD on a new server?
•What can you do to promote a server to DC if you're in a remote location with slow WAN link?
•How can you forcibly remove AD from a server, and what do you do later? • Can I get user passwords from the AD database?
•What tool would I use to try to grab security related packets from the wire?
•Name some OU design considerations.
•What is tombstone lifetime attribute?
•What do you do to install a new Windows 2003 DC in a Windows 2000 AD?
•What do you do to install a new Windows 2003 R2 DC in a Windows 2003 AD?
•How would you find all users that have not logged on since last month?
•What are the DS* commands?
•What's the difference between LDIFDE and CSVDE? Usage considerations?
•What are the FSMO roles? Who has them by default? What happens when each one fails?
•What FSMO placement considerations do you know of?
•I want to look at the RID allocation table for a DC. What do I do?
•What's the difference between transferring a FSMO role and seizing one? Which one should you NOT seize? Why?
•How do you configure a "stand-by operation master" for any of the roles?
•How do you backup AD?
•How do you restore AD?
•How do you change the DS Restore admin password?
•Why can't you restore a DC that was backed up 4 months ago?
•What are GPOs?
•What is the order in which GPOs are applied?
•Name a few benefits of using GPMC.
•What are the GPC and the GPT? Where can I find them?
•What are GPO links? What special things can I do to them?
•What can I do to prevent inheritance from above?
•How can I override blocking of inheritance?
•How can you determine what GPO was and was not applied for a user? Name a few ways to do that.
•A user claims he did not receive a GPO, yet his user and computer accounts are in the right OU, and everyone else there gets the GPO. What will you look for?
•Name a few differences in Vista GPOs
•Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts.
•What are administrative templates?
•What's the difference between software publishing and assigning?
•Can I deploy non-MSI software with GPO?
•You want to standardize the desktop environments (wallpaper, My Documents
•Tell me a bit about the capabilities of Exchange Server.
•What are the different Exchange 2003 versions?
•Name some of the main differences between Exchange 5.5 and Exchange 2000/2003?
•What are the major network infrastructure requirements for installing Exchange 2003?
•What is the latest Exchange 2003 Service Pack? Name a few changes in functionality in that SP.
•What are the disk considerations when installing Exchange (RAID types, locations and so on).
•You got a new HP DL380 (2U) server, dual Xeon, 4GB of RAM, 7 SAS disks, 64-bit. What do you do next to install Exchange 2003? (considering you already have AD in place)
•Why shouldn't you install Exchange on the same machine as a DC?
•Why shouldn't you install Outlook on the same machine as an Exchange server?
•Are there any other installation considerations?
•How would you prepare the AD Schema in advance before installing Exchange?
•What type or permissions do you need in order to install the first Exchange server in a forest? In a domain?
•How would you verify that the schema was in fact updated?
•What type of memory optimization changes could you do for Exchange 2003?
•How would you check your Exchange configuration settings to see if they're right?
•What are the Exchange management tools? How and where can you install them?
•What types of permissions are configurable for Exchange?
•How can you grant access for an administrator to access all mailboxes on a specific server?
•What is the Send As permission?
•What other management tools are used to manage and control Exchange 2003? Name the tools you'd use.
•What are Exchange Recipient types? Name 5.
•You created a mailbox for a user, yet the mailbox does not appear in ESM. Why?
•You wanted to change mailbox access permissions for a mailbox, yet you see the SELF permission alone on the permissions list. Why?
•What are Query Based Distribution groups?
•What type of groups would you use when configuring distribution groups in a multiple domain forest?
•Name a few configuration options for Exchange recipients.
•What's the difference between Exchange 2003 Std. and Ent. editions when related to storage options and size?
•Name a few configuration options related to mailbox stores.
•What are System Public Folders? Where would you find them?
•How would you plan and configure Public Folder redundancy?
•How can you immediately stop PF replication?
•How can you prevent PF referral across slow WAN links?
•What types of PF management tools might you use?
•What are the differences between administrative permissions and client permissions in PF?
•How can you configure PF replication from the command prompt in Exchange 2003?
•What are the message hygiene options you can use natively in Exchange 2003?
•What are the configuration options in IMF?
•What are virtual servers? When would you use more than one?
•Name some of the SMTP Virtual Server configuration options.
•What is a Mail Relay? Name a few known mail relay software or hardware options.
•What is a Smart Host? Where would you configure it?
•What are Routing Groups? When would you use them?
•What are the types of Connectors you can use in Exchange?
•What is the cost option in Exchange connectors?
•What is the Link State Table? How would you view it?
•How would you configure mail transfer security between 2 routing groups?
•What is the Routing Group Master? Who holds that role?
•Explain the configuration steps required to allow Exchange 2003 to send and receive email from the Internet (consider a one-site multiple server scenario).
•What is DS2MB?
•What is Forms Based Authentication?
•How would you configure OWA's settings on an Exchange server?
•What is DSACCESS?
•What are Recipient Policies?
•How would you work with multiple recipient policies?
•What is the "issue" with trying to remove email addresses added by recipient policies? How would you fix that?
•What is the RUS?
•When would you need to manually create additional RUS?
•What are Address Lists?
•How would you modify the filter properties of one of the default address lists?
•How can you create multiple GALs and allow the users to only see the one related to them?
•What is a Front End server? In what scenarios would you use one?
•What type of authentication is used on the front end servers?
•When would you use NLB?
•How would you achieve incoming mail redundancy?
•What are the 4 types of Exchange backups?
•What is the Dial-Tone server scenario?
•When would you use offline backup?
•How do you re-install Exchange on a server that has crashed but with AD intact?
•What is the dumpster?
•What are the e00xxxxx.log files?
•What is the e00.chk file?
•What is circular logging? When would you use it?
•What's the difference between online and offline defrag?
•How would you know if it is time to perform an offline defrag of your Exchange stores?
•How would you plan for, and perform the offline defrag?
•What is the eseutil command?
•What is the isinteg command?
•How would you monitor Exchange's services and performance? Name 2 or 3 options.
•Name all the client connection options in Exchange 2003.
•What is Direct Push? What are the requirements to run it?
•How would you remote wipe a PPC?
•What are the issues with connecting Outlook from a remote computer to your mailbox?
•How would you solve those issues? Name 2 or 3 methods
•What is RPC over HTTP? What are the requirements to run it?
•What is Cached Mode in OL2003/2007?
•What are the benefits and "issues" when using cached mode? How would you tackle those issues?
•What is S/MIME? What are the usage scenarios for S/MIME?
•What are the IPSec usage scenarios for Exchange 2003?
•How do you enable SSL on OWA?
•What are the considerations for obtaining a digital certificate for SSL on Exchange?
•Name a few 3rd-party CAs.
•What do you need to consider when using a client-type AV software on an Exchange server?
•What are the different clustering options in Exchange 2003? Which one would you choose and why.
Friday, July 30, 2010
Wednesday, July 21, 2010
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